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RICHMOND.
This is an interior township, centrally situated in the county of Washington, and distant from the city of Providence some thirty-five miles. It is bounded on the north by the town of Exeter, on the west by Wood River, on the east by Exeter and South Kingstown, and on the south by Pawcatuck River. Its average length from north to south, is about seven miles, its average breadth, from east to west, about six miles, comprising an area of about forty-two square miles. The physical features of this township accord with those of this district generally. The soil is of a gravelly loam, while the surface of the land is interspersed with a variety of rolling uplands and level plains. The forests furnish some valuable timber, with a large supply for wood, while the agricultural products consist chiefly of hay, corn, oats, some rye, potatoes, butter, cheese, and some others. The town is well watered by the Wood and Pawcatuck rivers. The Pawcatuck has several streams emptying into it, which have their source in different parts of the town, furnishing ample facilities for the watering of this section.
This town originally belonged to the town of Westerly, but was incorporated as a separate and distinct township in 1747. In the early settlement of all that territory (formerly known as Little Narragansett), considerable controversy arose between Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island and the Providence Plantations, as to the rightful ownership of the territory comprised within the area from Narragansett Bay to Pawcatuck River, and the bay at its mouth. As early as 1660, Connecticut received a royal charter for all that territory from Narragansett Bay and the river, westward to the ocean. The following year Rhode Island also received a charter from the same royal authority, extending her limits westward to the Narragansett River, which the king granting the charter held as identical with the Pawcatuck River. The authorities of each of these colonies laid claim to this territory by virtue of their royal grant, and in its early settlement it was a source of great contention and much uneasiness. The first settlement along the southern shore was made by adventurers from Rhode Island. About the same time, or in 1639, a colony from Connecticut, and a few from the Colony of Massachusetts, settled in or near the territory now comprised by the town of Wickford. As time rolled on, these colonies began to increase in numbers, and many contentions and jealousies arose as to the title of ownership. Each party rigidly maintained its own right of occupancy; and these rival claims were pushed with zeal, and often with a degree of bitterness, that threatened the peaceful settlement, and tended to most disastrous consequences. Artful diplomacies upon all sides were resorted to, and the controversy at last culminated in open rapture, and even bloodshed. Arrests were made, and other acts of violence practiced, until the issue was at last brought before the Crown for settlement. The king, in 1665, issued a quo warranto, dissolved both charters, and he assumed the control of the government. Under this new order of things the settlements progressed slowly, and with varying fortunes, until at length the territory under dispute came under the control and jurisdiction of Rhode Island. That portion bordering upon the ocean, between Narragansett Bay and Pawcatuck River, was denominated 'King's Colony, or King's Province.'
While the western part was originally called by the Indian name of Misquamicut, but during the period of its occupancy by Connecticut, received the title of Haversham. Westerly was organized from this territory, as the fifth town in the Colony, in May, 1665, by act of the General Assembly of Rhode island and Providence Plantations, and embraced the four present towns of Charlestown, Westerly, Richmond, and Hopkinton. This town continued to hold this original territory until the year 1738, when it was divided, and the town of Charlestown became incorporated as a separate township, embracing all that territory from a point where Wood River emerges from Exeter, and following its course until it intersects the Pawcatuck, and then following that river for about two miles, then diverging to the south, runs directly to the sea. In due course of time, the increase of population, and the diversity of interests, made it necessary to subdivide this tract, which was subsequently done, and the town of Richmond was set off, a special mention of which will be found under the town organization, its town meetings, officers, &c. The history of every town, more properly begins with its formation, or incorporation as a town; but, as a portion of Richmond's early history was identified with that of the early settlement of Westerly, we have given a brief sketch of the whole territory as a preface or introduction to the general history of the township of Richmond.
Early Settlers.
Perhaps the most interesting portion of the history of every town, is found in the record of its early pioneers, and their primitive settlements. There, in the rude wilds of the forest they sought a home, far away from their kindred, and friends, and began to build, to fell the forest, to plant, to sow, and, in due time, under the benedictions of Heaven, to reap abundant harvests, as a reward of their labors, and untiring perseverance. A voluntary removal into these regions, presupposes enterprise and courage. The first settlers, and those that came after them, were of the true New England type, and their undaunted courage and untiring zeal, were prevalent traits in the character of this sturdy yeomanry. It was a great work these pioneers had undertaken, and the prize of comfort and, perhaps, future affluence, was to be won only by toil, danger, privation, and suffering. The imagination can only picture a wild and forbidding scene of savage solitude, broken by the howl of the wolf, or the half-human scream of the fierce and dangerous panther. The deer ran in groups, bounding along with an easy and graceful motion, through the woody dells, and out upon the grassy plains; while now and then an occasional bear betook himself to the tallest tree, and from his lofty perch looked down upon the strange intruders.
In the early settlements of the territory comprised within the limits of this town, the lands were but slowly disposed of, as is shown from a perusal of the colonial records during the early settlement of its territory. The General Assembly appointed a committee to dispose of certain vacant lands held by authority of the Colony, and to further the interests of this section, and to facilitate the more rapid settlement of this territory. On June 28, 1709, the committee, appointed for the purpose, sold a large tract, known as the 'Shannock Purchase'. This purchase embraced all that territory extending from the Exeter line, on the north, to Pawcatuck River on the south; on the east it was bounded by Beaver Brook, and on the west by a meridian passing at the east end of the cemetery at Wood River Church. This purchase was made by some twenty or thirty different persons, and although some of them did not become actual settlers within the territory thus purchased, still many of them located within its limits, and became permanent settlers, as appears from the subsequent history of the town. Many of their descendants are still residing in the town, and, like their noble ancestry, give character to settlement, and facilitate the progressive development of the town.
Among the names of those interested in this early purchase, some of whom are numbered among the early pioneers of the town, were the following; viz., James Adams, Daniel Wilcox, Peter Parker, Daniel Tennant, Samuel Lewis, Nicholas Utter, Jr., William Gibson, William Clarke, John Tefft, Thomas Utter, Eber Crandall, William Utter, John Eanos, Daniel Brown, Weston Clarke, George Babcock, George Foster, Joseph Brown, Nicholas Utter, Samuel Perry, John Witter, Francis Colgrove, and Jeremiah Crandall.
George Babcock, one of the original recipients of the 'Shannock Purchase', in 1709, made a settlement here, selecting as his portion of the purchase that tract lying on the south end of Shannock Hill, and extending to the Pawcatuck River, where he resided, reared a family and became largely identified with the growing interests of the town. He died on the first of May, 1756, in the eighty-third year of his age. His wife survived him for a few years, and died upon the same day of the month, May 1, 1762, aged ninety years. Thus did those early pioneers live to a ripe old age, and passed from the scene of their early adventures to receive the rewards of their faithful stewardship.
Elisha Babcock was the son of the above, and was born on May 18, 1718. Simon, the son of Elisha, was born May 31, 1745, and died Sept. 21, 1806. Mary Babcock, wife of the latter, died in Richmond, July 20, 1847, in the ninety-seventh year of her age. His son, Simon, and grandson of Elisha, lived for many years upon the west side of Shannon Hill, where he built and operated a tannery. He was accidentally drowned at Charlestown Beach. Many of his descendants reside at present in this vicinity. Joseph H. Babcock of Carolina, and Edward S. Babcock of Wakefield, belong to a branch of this same family. Another early settler in the town may be mentioned as Samuel Barber, who removed from England and settled in that territory now comprised within the limits of Richmond, about the year 1714. He brought with him a son, by name Caleb, who was at this time about ten years old. He resided in this vicinity until he died, aged ninety-two years. Elder Benjamin Barber, son of Samuel, lived near the school-house on Tefft Hill. Moses Barber, another son, lived on Bald Hill. Alanson Barber of Arcadia was grandson, and Archibald Barber of Carolina a son, of Caleb Barber.
Another very famous family was one whose lineage can, in a measure, be traced back to as early a period as 1559, to one William Clarke, who also became a settler in Richmond, and has left numerous descendants who now reside in the vicinity. This Mr. Clarke was the son of Joseph, who died at Westerly, in January, 1726, aged eighty-three years. This Joseph, father to William, was the son of Joseph Clarke, who was born in 1618 and died June 1, 1694, and, consequently, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. This last-mentioned Clarke was brother to Dr. John Clarke of Newport, who was intimately connected with the procuring of the charter for the Colony from the king. The doctor was a man of considerable wealth for those times, and possessed a marked degree of enterprise, and was renowned for his sterling integrity and unwavering patriotism. Thomas Clarke, the father of this Joseph Clarke last named, was born on 'All Saints Day', November, 1570, and departed this life July 27, 1627. This father, and grandfather of Joseph, was born as early as 1514, and died April 7, 1598, eighty-four years of age. John Clarke, father of the last-named, died, and was buried on March 3, A. D., 1559. No other record is now extant of this worthy personage.
William Clarke, first mentioned as being among the early settlers of the town of Richmond, was born at Newport, in 1670, and was one of the original owners of the 'Shannock Purchase'. He died in Richmond, Feb. 28, 1767, in the ninety-seventh year of his age. His son, William, was born at Newport, in 1702, and removed with his parents to Richmond, where he died, March 28, 1786. Five other sons, Thomas, Jonathan, Caleb, Robert and Elisha, were the fruits of his first marriage. His son, William, above mentioned, reared a family of six boys, by name, James, William, Gideon, Joshua, Peter and Weeden; Gideon was the grandfather of John G. Clarke, of South Kingstown, and Weeden, the son of the second William, lived and died at Shannock Hill, leaving a family of four boys, one bearing the name of the father, and the other three named respectively, Peleg, Pardon, and William. Jonathan, the grandfather of H. P. Clarke, left a family of nine children, -- Jonathan, Abraham, Josiah, Nathaniel, Tabitha, Sarah, Benjamin, Hannah, and David. The last mentioned was born Oct. 14, 1756, and married a Miss Mary Cross, by whom he had three children, named Sarah, Ann, and David. This latter David married Miss Susannah Perry, daughter of George Perry, Esq., and their only surviving heir is Halsey P. Clarke. This is indeed a remarkable family, and the preservation of their genealogical record furnishes an example worthy of emulation, and evidences the regard and respect cherished for their illustrious ancestry.
Thomas Lillebridge came from England and settled in Newport, where he was admitted as a freeman in May, 1701. In 1711, he purchased a tract of land in Westerly, now Richmond, but did not remove there until 1720. He died Aug. 29, 1727, leaving a widow and eleven children. His widow survived him until January, 1761, when she died. His children were Thomas, Robert, Elizabeth, Catherine, Sarah, Mary, Esther, Benjamin, Edward, John, and Patience. Thomas, Jr., died Feb. 8, 1757, in the fifty-five year of his age. His children were Thomas, Edward, and Elizabeth. He died intestate, and, consequently, under the old English laws, the oldest son inherited the estate. Branches of this family settled in Newport, South Kingstown, and Exeter, where may be found some of their worthy descendants.
In the ship 'Abigail', which sailed from England June 30, 1635, with a band of pilgrims to join those already settled in the New England Colonies, came one Henry Collins. He was a starch manufacturer in Lynn, Mass. He had four children, - by name, Henry, John, Mary, and Joseph, - all born in England, and emigrated with their parents to America. John married, and resided in Lynn, where he reared a family of eighteen children. The oldest of these, whose name was John, was, with his father, accidentally drowned. After this sad and melancholy affair, the wife changed the name of her youngest child from William to John, as a token of love and regard for the memory of her husband and devoted son. This son married a Miss Susannah Dagget, who, when a child, wandered into the woods and was lost. When night came on, she was found by a squaw, the wife of an Indian chief, and conducted to their wigwam, where she was to remain for the night, with a promise to be returned to her people in the morning. A bed was prepared for her of bear-skins, and here the little wanderer retired to rest. But the strangeness of the place, and the circumstances by which she was surrounded, the longing for a safe return to her dear parents, and the friends she loved, kept sleep away, and thus the night wore on. At a late hour, the chief came in, and advised his wife of a council of war that had been held, and informed her that its decrees were, that all pale-faces must die. She bade him hush, as even now, beneath their forest-roof, a little pale-face slept. He at once let loose his savage thirst, and resolved to imbue his hands in the blood of this helpless innocence. His wife, however, had pledged her faith, and the child must be returned; to which the chief consented, provided the pale-face be really asleep. So, sizing a fire-brand, he approached her couch, and passing it over her head, and finding that she did not wink, came to the conclusion that she must really be asleep, and thus spared the child. In the morning, true to her pledge, the Indian wife conducted the child to her home, amid rejoicings of anxious parents and devoted friends. She gave the alarm, and, when the Indians thought to consummate their plans, they found the whites fully prepared, and were thus foiled in their fiendish schemes. The little pale-face had saved her people.
Ten children were the fruit of this marriage. Their son, John, was born in Westerly, whither they had removed on Dec. 21, 1716. This son married Mehitable Brown, by whom he had nine children. Amos, their third child, was born in 1749, and married Miss Thankful Clarke, in 1767. They had eight children, their names being as follows: Timothy, Abel, Isaac, Amos, Susan, Ruth, Hannah, and John. Abel was the father of Amos, known as the 'Rural Bard', who died not long since. Abel Collins of North Stonington, Conn., is also a son of the elder Abel. Isaac married a Miss Mary Collins, his second cousin. They raised a large family, having some thirteen children, -- William, Nancy, Thankful, Amos, Mary, Isaac, Catharine, Joseph, Ephraim C., Bathsheba, John W., Charles W., and Thomas J. The elder Isaac lived in North Stonington for some time, and then removed into Richmond, where he remained some twenty years, when he removed to Hopkinton, where he died. Isaac, Jr., is now the President of the town council of Richmond, and resides at Usquepaug.
John Moore was another early settler, coming from England, and settling in the town of Richmond. Here he reared a family of three sons, by name David, John, and George. The eldest of these was the father of Silas Moore, recently deceased. He had a son, David, who lives on the place where his father lived and died. His wife was the granddaughter of Joseph James, who also came over from England at the same time with the eldest Moore.
These are a few of the early pioneers of Richmond. They were of that type of honest yeomanry that characterized nearly all of the early settlers of New England; and though they reared large families, they were early imbued with a spirit of self-dependence, and thus early taught to labor, they soon enjoyed the comforts, and many of the luxuries, of life. Frugal in their habits, and with unfaltering perseverance, they pressed forward to successful achievement, and much of the present growth and prosperity of the town may be traced to the foundations laid by the efforts of these early pioneers.
Communications.
Among the first necessities of the early settler was the laying out of suitable roadways for the transportation of products, and communication with the settlements around him. When he first came into the country, he found nothing but Indian trails, which were scattered here and there, as the only natural routes through the country. The Indians had no commerce, and, consequently, no wheeled vehicles for transportation, and in their frequent intercourse with the surrounding tribes, these trails, or foot-paths, were often worn deep by the feet of these wandering tribes, and became the line of communication for the early settler. Upon the trees were frequent incisions by the hatchet, of an unknown antiquity, marking paths surprisingly direct, which exercised a controlling influence in the location of the settlements, now become towns and villages.
But while the Indian trail gave a clew [sic] to travel, the Indians were strangers to labor. The traveller was often checked for hours at the steep banks of a miry stream to construct a bridge or rude passageway. Parties were compelled to travel together in order to afford mutual help in crossing streams, swamps, hills, and ravines. Often, in town history, we find some large and enterprising land owners building roads, at a very early date, in order to facilitate the settlements of their tracts. These, at least, were but little better than the Indian trail, but gradually improved as settlement increased and commerce became expanded.
Now we find numerous fine turnpikes, and the iron rail winds its serpentine way through pleasant valleys and over uplands. The shrill neigh of the iron horse, startles echoes of the wood, and the vapor-like breath that comes hissing from his extended nostrils, awakens the quiet stillness of the valleys, and gives new impulse to the marts of trade by bringing them into easy connection for public travel and mercantile facilities.
The Stonington and Providence Railroad was built in 1837, and entering this town near the southwest corner, passes out it east of the Wood River junction, and enters it again near Shannock's Mills, thus giving direct communication with Providence and intermediate points along the line. The Wood River Branch road was completed in July, 1874, and, since that time, has added to the business interests of the town. It enters the town a little above Woodville, thus giving about one-third of its entire length, and also a depot to the town of Richmond, as also one at the junction with the Stonington and Providence Railroad. These roads furnish ample facilities for the transportation of the products and manufactures of the town, and afford convenient modes for trade.
Town Organization, Town Meeting, Officers, &c.
As has been already remarked the town of Richmond became a separate and distinct township in the year 1747. The act incorporating the town was granted by the General Assembly upon the third Tuesday of August, in that year, and reads as follows: --'An act for incorporating the north part of the town of Charlestown, in Kings County, into a township, the same to be distinguished and known by the name of Richmond.
'Be it enacted by the General Assembly of this Colony, and by the authority thereof it is enacted, that the town of Charlestown, in the county of Kings County, &c., be divided into two towns, by a river that runs across said town, known by the name of Pawcatuck River; all the lands to the southward of said river, shall retain the name of Charlestown; and that all the lands to the northward of said river, be, and hereby is incorporated into a township, by the name of Richmond; and to have and enjoy the like privileges, as other towns in this colony.'It was also further enacted, that 'each of said towns shall have, and receive a proportion of the money in, and belonging to the treasury of said Charlestown, according to the money for which the lands in each town is mortgaged to the colony; and that all justices of the peace and military officers, living within the bounds of said new town, called Richmond, retain their authority, and act as such therein, until the next general election; and that the eldest justice of each of said towns is hereby empowered to grant forth their warrants to some proper officer, whom they shall appoint, to warn the inhabitants of said towns to assemble and meet together in some proper place, in said towns, on Friday, the twenty-eighth day of this instant, August, in order to choose deputies to represent them at the October session of this assembly; and also to choose town officers for said towns, agreeably to the laws of this colony; and that each town shall sent one grand juror, and one petit juror, to each of the inferior and superior courts in Kings County.'
These acts being complied with, the first town meeting was held, as provided on the 28th of August, two days after the incorporation. At this meeting, Captain Richard Bailey was chosen the first moderator; James Adams and Stephen Richmond were chosen to receive the ballots put in at this town meeting; John Webster was chosen Town Clerk, and for the remainder of the term performed the duties of that office; John Webster, Captain Richard Bailey, Joseph Hoxsie, James Adams, William Potter and Joseph Clarke were chosen members of the Town Council, which they accepted, and entered upon the discharge of their duties. Joseph Enos was chosen to the important office of Treasurer for the remainder of the year. The Deputies that were chosen, in accordance with the above enactment, to attend the General Assembly, were Captain Richard Bailey and John Webster This appointment not only illustrates the official abilities of these parties, but the esteem in which they were held by their fellow-citizens, for their sterling integrity and moral excellence.
Some few years after the organization of the town, it was voted that the town councilmen, after the first Tuesday in June next ensuing, shall bear their own expenses for the future. This act arose, doubtless, from the dissatisfaction of a few old sturdy economists, who viewed the public crib as furnishing enticing temptations for their political servants.
The French and Indian War soon broke out, and the town immediately hastened to meet the exigencies of the times, as is evidenced from an act passed at a town meeting held on the 3d of November, 1756. The town was to furnish certain supplies and men to aid the Colonies in their defence against the attacks made by the French and Indians. It reads as follow; viz.: --
'Be it enacted in the town of Richmond, by the freemen and freeholders thereof, that if any man or men be pressed, and is unwilling to go in His Majesty's service, That then the inhabitants of the town shall forthwith hire some able bodied man, or men, to go in his or their room, or rooms, or pay the ransom for the impressed man or men; and the ransom or hired man or men shall be paid by a public town rate to be assessed on the inhabitants of this town of Richmond in proportion according to their ratable estates now stated by the colony aforesaid, except the pole tax.
'And be it further enacted by the freemen and freeholders of this town of Richmond, that all the money raised and promised, to pay the volunteers, and those pressed, or drawn, or raised in this town of Richmond by a special act of the General Assembly of the colony aforesaid, to be raised on the 21st day of October last past, the said money shall be repaid unto every man, or men, that has paid or lent money unto the above said soldiers as a bounty or encouragement to enlist.
'And be it further enacted, That the aforesaid money shall be repaid by a public town rate to be assessed on the inhabitants of this town of Richmond, in proportion according to their ratable estates now stated by an act of the colony.
'And be it further enacted by the freemen and freeholders of the town of Richmond, That all the officers that are or shall be elected as ratemakers, or assessors, or collectors, treasurers or other officers in executing any part, or parts, of the aforesaid act, or acts shall have no fee or pay for their labor or trouble, but shall do it for nothing.
'And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That every person that shall be rated for the charge aforesaid, shall bring in his proportion of said rate to the Town Treasurer of said Richmond, at or before the 7th day of December next, And if any person or person, shall neglect to bring in his or their rate, as above said, that the Town Treasurer of said Richmond grant forth his warrant to restrain so much of his, or their, goods and chattels as will pay their respective rates.'
This readiness upon the part of the inhabitants of this town to aid in the defence against these lawless incursions, and in the preservation of the good order of society, furnishes a record of patriotism and self-sacrificing devotion, which their posterity may cherish with no little degree of pride. It is but a prelude to the undaunted courage and heroism displayed in that early struggle for the maintenance of equal rights, and the establishment of the principles of self-government. Their manly sacrifices and heroic deeds are embalmed in memory, and find record in these pages, in the following sketch of ---
Richmond in the Revolution.Richmond in the Revolution.
In that long and bloody struggle against British arrogance, in which the 'divine right of kings' was sought to be established here in the New World, the colonies of New England took an active part; and the privations, trials, and hardships endured by our honored ancestry, in this struggle for American Independence, furnish indeed a record unparalleled in history; and while we, their posterity, are the recipients of the blessings and privileges so dearly purchased, let us not be unmindful of the duties and obligations that devolve upon us as heirs of so grand a heritage.
At a town meeting held June 4, 1776, only a month before the adoption of that immortal charter of the rights of man, the inhabitants of the town of Richmond made their first record in support of the warlike measures that were being inaugurated for the purpose of repelling the threatened attack of the mother country. That record says: 'That Joseph Woodmancy, Jonathan Maxson, John Clarke, Samuel Clarke, Samuel Stanton, William Kenyon, Thomas Lillibridge, Richard Bailey, Jr., Joseph Woodmancy Jr. and Nicholas Mosher, have each agreed to give one day for the making the town's lead and powder into cartouches.' It was also voted, 'That Caleb Barber have an order to the Treasurer for three shillings it being for a box of cartouches.' Again, at a town meeting held on the 27th of August following, in which the town enrolled itself as Richmond, in King's County, Rhode Island, thus endorsing the principles embodied in the Declaration of Independence, made upon the 4th of July preceding. It was voted, 'That Captain Joseph Tefft Jr. and Captain David Potter be a committee to receive of the State the towns proportion of salt and bring the same into town.'
Sept. 16, 1776, another town meeting was held, in which it was voted: 'That the soldiers ordered to be raised in this town by the committee appointed to act during the recess of the General Assembly, have their wages advanced to three shillings per day, including what is paid them by the government, which shall enlist into the service.' Again voted, 'That captains of the companies in this town be and are hereby directed to call more placed on the 19th instant, in order to raise the above mentioned troops.' Voted again, on the 20th of September, 'That Major Richard Bailey and Samuel Clarke be appointed a committee to receive of William Tefft, Esq., twenty one guns, bayonets and cartouch boxes, and deliver them to the soldiers raised in this town, and that the same be branded with the letter R before delivery, and that also they be directed to receive of the said William Tefft the remained of the guns &c when finished, giving their receipts for the same, and that said committee furnish the ensign, and each soldier with a blanket and knapsack; and that every soldier furnishing himself with a blanket and knapsack shall be allowed six shillings therefor.' It was also voted, 'That if there is not a sufficient sum of money in the treasury to procur the above blankets &c the Treasurer be authorized to hire a sufficient sum for that purpose.' Voted the Captain Maxson be allowed one shilling per day for three months if not discharged sooner.
Again, at a town meeting held Nov. 29, 1776, it was voted, 'That this town give each soldier now to be raised one shilling per day over and above the states pay, as an encouragement for their enlistment, during the time they are in service.' Also, 'That William Tefft Esq be a committee to act in conjunction with the committee of safety in the equipping of the soldiers now to be raised.' Dec. 3, 1776, another town meeting was held, in which the 'Town Treasurer, was directed to hire sixty three pounds to pay the soldiers now at Rhode Island the town's advance money to them by their return.' Also, 'That Richard Bailey have an order for seven pounds four shillings, it, being for blankets for the soldiers.'
There were many more acts also made and voted upon, but enough has been cited to furnish evidence of the spirit of patriotism that burned in the hearts of these revolutionary patriots, and in the promptness with which they met every demand made upon them. They ever displayed a willingness to be taxed for the support of the cause in which they were engaged, and their ranks were filled with young men, and with many even past the middle turn of life, and they never faltered in the hour of trial, or shrank from their responsibilities when duty called. They bade farewell to home, kindred, and friends, and whether upon the tented field, or amid the din and smoke of battle, they were ever found at the post of duty, ready to do or die. They endured many long and weary marches through blinding sleet or drifting snows, and their pursuing enemy often tracked their retreating columns by the blood that flowed from shoeless feet. Mothers bade farewell to husband and son; daughters impressed the kiss of sisterly affection upon the brow of brothers, and returned the affectionate grasp of lover with tearless eye, as they bade them God-speed, and sent them forth to stand in the gap of their country's perils. These records but evidence the spirit of patriotism and self-sacrificing devotion of these early pioneers in the exigencies of the war for American freedom. Many more might be given, but these are deemed as sufficient examples of the past, to prompt us to noble endeavors in the present.
The long and wearisome struggle being at an end, and the successful issue of independence attained, a task then arose of framing a constitution that should be the charter of our liberties in the future. This task was committed to the care of our noblest sages and patriots, and their wisdom produced an instrument that should henceforth bind the people and the several States in a union, safe, permanent, and successful. In the ratification of the instrument, embodying the most comprehensive elements of the government, Rhode Island was the last to give her assent. By an act of her legislature this constitution was submitted to the freemen of the several towns embraced within its territory; and on March 24, 1787, the town of Richmond voted against the adoption of this constitution, by a vote of sixty-eight to one. The name of the man who thus dared to stand alone in support of principle, was Jonathan Maxson. But his reward soon came for this manly adherence to duty, when, shortly after, he saw his country men yield their prejudice, and the State enrolled under the banner of the Union.
Surface, Soil, Farms, &c.
The surface is much diversified by uplands, basins, and valleys. The principal streams that run through the town from north to south are Beaver and Meadow brooks. These form tributaries of the Pawcatuck, and furnish some water-privileges. The soil, in its primitive state, was very fertile; but, in the continued cropping without rotation, many of the valuable elements of the soil have been lost. Experience, however, has taught the farmer, that if he would succeed in producing large harvests, he must replace the essential elements of the soil that one crop takes from it, by either sowing or planting other grains which contain in their composition the elements thus lacking, or in the free use of those artificial fertilizers that give strength and fertility to the exhausted soil. This disintegration and decomposition of the necessary elements, tends to increase fertility, and successful cultivation is only assured as the experienced or intelligent farmer applies these needed remedies. The roughness of the surface in many places renders it hard of cultivation, and better adapted to grazing purposes. The forests have been nearly consumed; but what remains is valuable. In the past years, they yielded material for commerce, in the form of building material, hoop-poles, wood, and coal. Large quantities of the latter were produced, and found ready market at the iron-works. Ship-timber was also cut and conveyed to Westerly, and yielded a profitable revenue.
The farm dwellings are not over and above capacious, although there are to be found some commodious and comfortable farm buildings, especially those of modern construction. Substantial stone-walls divide the fields, upon which are grown corn, hay, oats, potatoes, and some of the other agricultural products. Apple orchards are not as numerous as in some other towns, but where they are planted and properly cultivated, afford handsome remuneration. Among the home industries, has been added the culture of the cranberry. Several parties have made this a specialty, and found it to return large profits. Among these, are Samuel K. Browning, residing near the centre of the town, and others, near its eastern and southern borders. The raising of poultry has been, in the past, an enterprise that has returned a profit to those engaged in it. The sale of eggs, and the flesh and feathers, has annually amounted to a considerable sum. Changes of method, with a continual increase in improved machinery, give the farmer better command of his fields, and facilitates labor. With persevering industry, and the practice of true economy, the farmers of Richmond are assured of a destiny of undoubted progress in the future.
Early Mills, &c.
We have noticed some of the general features of the surface and soil, together with the products of the farm and forest. As these increased, they necessitated the early construction of grist and saw mills, in which the grains could be ground for family use, and the fallen timber converted into building material for the construction of houses, and barns for the garnering of the harvests and shelter to the stock. Many of these early mill-sites have been long since disused, and nothing now remains to mark the spot where they once stood, except it be, now and then, the ruins of some ancient dam or flume, that once served as motor-power.
In a centennial sketch of the town of Richmond, by Rev. James R. Irish, we find as complete a history of the earlier mills, as we have been able to gather, and which we insert in this connection. In this review of the early mill-sites, he says: 'That grist and saw mills were a necessity to the early settlers, and happy for them the power to operate them was found in the streams that formed a part of their domain. How early, and where the first mills in town were built, no known record shows. The small streams were larger and nearer perennial, when the hills were covered with forests, than now. Probably their first mills were built along these, as dams were more cheaply constructed than on the larger streams. In the memory of some now living, many of the streams, now not occupied as mill forces, had their saw-mills, grist-mills, and forging-smith shops. For similar purposes, the stream passing south of Rev. G. Tillinghast's, was used, just east of the Caleb Barber property, where also, early in the present century, Archibald Barber and Gardner Nichols had a wagon-shop, doing much of their work by water-power. White Brook, long ago, carried a trip-hammer for the manufacture of axes, hoes, &c. At Arcadia, just on the line between Exeter and Richmond, there was a saw-mill. The evidences are still manifest there.
'At Wyoming, mills were early built, and on the Hopkinton side were located the famous Brand's iron-works. At Hope Valley, where the cotton factory now stands, there was a grist-mill, having for one side of the flume a perpendicular rock. Where now is the village of Clarke's Mills, on December 1st, 1759, Jeffrey Wilcox gave by will to his son, Abraham, Wilcox, one acre of land. This was deeded by said Wilcox to Jeremiah Browning, March 8, 1762, with a saw-mill and grist-mill in good running order. No mention is made of the saw-mill in any subsequent transfer. The price paid by Browning for these mills, and privileges, was £3,000 current money of New England. [We should judge that New England money must have had a current value that had run to a low ebb.] This property was deeded by several transfers, till, on January 16th, 1771, it was deeded to Joshua Clarke, in the line of whose family it is still owned, and where a grist-mill still runs for the mutual benefit of the proprietor and the community. As early as 1772, a saw-mill and an iron manufactory existed where Kenyon's mill are now located. The establishment was then deeded by Samuel Stuart to Christopher Clarke. Mills existed at Usquepaug, early known as Mumford's mills, but I believe these were always situated on the east side of the stream in South Kingstown. Some more than one hundred and twenty years ago, Wm. Sweet owned a saw-mill near where David Moore now lives. A mill still exists on the site. At Tug Hollow, and Bellville, there early existed saw and grist mills.'
Cotton Manufactories.
In the early history of the town of Richmond, this branch of industry was unknown. Not until about 1810 was any effort made for the establishment of a cotton factory. This was erected upon the site formerly occupied by a grist-mill, at Hope Valley. The parties engaged in the erection of this factory, and the establishment of this particular branch of industry, were Joseph Arnold, Godfrey Arnold, John Godfrey, Joseph Tefft, Gorton W. Arnold, Weeden Clarke, Jr., and Slocum Godfrey. They purchased the site, and articles of copartnership were drawn up and signed May 9, 1810. They set about the erection of the factory, and when completed, added the machinery and commenced the manufacture of cotton-yarn. It was a two-story edifice, and contained about four hundred spindles. It was run by water, and turned out about three hundred pounds of yarn per week. Since that time it has been remodelled, from time to time, and has passed into several different owners' hands. It is now three stories high, one hundred and sixty-three feet long, and fifty-two feet wide, and contains at present four thousand spindles, and turns out a production of ten thousand pounds per week. Nichols & Langworthy are the joint proprietors of the water-privilege, which is said to be one of the finest in the country.
Wyoming Foundry, known as Brand's Iron-Works. Here, in 1814, a company was organized for the erection of a cotton factory. On June 1, in the above-named year, Ezekiel Tefft, Samuel Tefft, Nathan Lillibridge, Stephen Tefft, and Nathan Tefft, entered into a copartnership for the establishment of a cotton manufactory, under the firm-name and style of The Brothers' Cotton Manufacturing Company. They completed the building, furnished it with appropriate machinery, and commenced the manufacture of cotton-yarn. It received numerous improvements, and finally came into the possession of Messrs. Olney & Kenyon. During their occupancy, or in the year 1862, the mill took fire from some defect in the whipper, and was consumed. The factory at the time had a capacity for, and was running, thirty-six looms. Mr. Olney had a mill on the opposite side of the stream, which was also destroyed by fire on Dec. 10, 1875.
Here also was located the Richmond Bank, which was organized in 1856, and continued in existence until 1866. The officers were as follows: President, Francis P. Segar; Cashier, Jesse Potter; Directors, F. P. Segar, D. L. Aldrich, H. P. Clarke, Jesse Potter, A. G. Nichols, E. Barber, T. T. Hoxsie, C. A. Crandall. Capital, $50,000. Mr. F. P. Segar filled the office of president until May, 1862, when he was succeeded by Mr. A. G. Nichols, who continued in the office until the closing of the bank. Very slight changes, if any, were made in the board of directors.
Sheldon's Mill. In 1837, two brothers, John and Pardon Olney, erected a mill upon the site of the present one, and commenced the manufacture of cotton warp. Subsequently Pardon Olney sold his interest in the mill to his brother, who then became sole proprietor, and continued the business until 1844, when it met the fate of the others, and was totally consumed by fire. This fire, it is said, was the work of a young lad who had been compelled to work in the factory against his own wishes, and took this way of releasing himself from what he considered an unjust demand. He paid dear, however, for his attempt to thus defeat the demands made upon him, for it is said that he perished in the flames, as nothing was heard of him afterwards. This mill at the time was furnished with sixty-four looms, and manufactured cotton warp and woof. Soon after this, Mr. John Olney erected a second mill, which is now in the possession of J. T. Sheldon & Son, from whom it derives its name. Messrs. Sheldon & Son have renovated it, and replaced the old machinery with that of the most improved pattern, and it presents to-day a fine appearance. It contains five thousand spindles, and turns out from seven to ten thousand pounds of cotton yarn per week. Help employed is about forty; one-third male, two-thirds female.
Carolina Mills. On the site of these mills formerly stood a grist-mill, having been erected in 1802 by Joseph Nichols. This mill and privilege, together with about three hundred acres of land, was, in 1834, purchased by Aaron and Sands Kenyon, who continued in possession until 1836, when they sold to one Wilcox. The present dam was erected by him in 1837, upon which he contemplated erecting a machine-shop and factory. The panic of 1837, however, thwarted his purposes, and work was suspended. Rowland Hazard purchased it in 1841, and erected most of the present buildings, and commenced the manufacture of cotton cloth. The mill then contained some one hundred looms, and produced an excellent quality of goods. Mr. Hazard disposed of his interest in the mills to the Peacedale Manufacturing Company in 1863, who, in turn, sold a half-interest in the property to Theophilus Hyde, in December of the same year. R. G. Hazard, who subsequently sold to Messrs. Tinkham, Metcalf & Co., in February, 1869. Jan. 1, 1872, this company was succeeded by the Carolina Mills Company, by whom it is now owned and operated as a woollen mill manufacturing fancy cassimeres. They employ from one hundred to one hundred and twelve hands. Their pay-roll amounts to some $3,500 per month, and their annual sales reach $240,000.
Shannock Mills. Here, on this site, Mr. Jesse Babcock, at a very early period, erected a grist-mill, using one part for a dwelling. Some years later, Mr. John T. Knowles purchased the site, and erected a small wooden structure, and used it as a woollen factory. He continued in the business for several years, engaged mostly in doing custom-work. Subsequently, Mr. George Weeden purchased it, and, while in his possession, it was enlarged and improved. At present, it is owned and occupied by Messrs. Alexander Carmichael & Co., who are engaged in the manufacture of mixed cassimeres.
Woodville Mills. In early times, one Captain Nicholas Larkin, owned a grist-mill and privilege a little higher up than the present location. Subsequently he, in connection with a Mr. Simeon Perry, constructed the present dam. Here they built a grist-mill upon the Richmond side of the stream, and Perry engaged in the manufacture of iron upon the Hopkinton side. The place took the name of Perry's Iron-works, and retained this appellation until the commencement of the factory enterprise, when it was changed, and assumed its present name of Woodville. On the Hopkinton side, Berry & Stanton occupy the water privilege. On the Richmond side, Mr. J. T. Harris erected a stove-factory some twenty years ago, and after several changes, it came into the possession of the Rhode Island Hosiery Company, who are its present owners. The mill contains five jacks, with one thousand spindles, and is run in the manufacture of seamless socks. They employ some twenty-five hands, and turn out about seventy to one hundred dozen pairs per day. These are of different qualities, ranging from all-wool to all-cotton, or mixed. The present superintendent is Mr. C. Larned.
Hillsdale Mills. About eighty years ago, there was a grist-mill built at this place, and owned by one Jonathan Potter. Mr. George James became its subsequent owner, but sold it on Dec. 10, 1827, to one William Jencks, who, in the March following, deeded a small portion to one Ebenezer Carpenter. Here they together erected a carding-mill, and used it for the carding of wool for customers. Messrs. Whitman, Kenyon, and Wanton Lillibridge, located at this place some few years afterwards, and commenced the manufacture of a kind of goods known as 'negro cloth'.
Tug-Hollow, -- Sheldon & Hoxsie Mills. In 1811, a factory was first erected here by Mr. Robert Reynolds. It was first erected as a woollen-mill, and engaged in custom carding. Subsequently, however, it was enlarged, and machinery added for the spinning and weaving of cotton. It continued to be used for this purpose until 1836, when the property came into the possession of the above parties, -- Messrs. Sheldon & Hoxsie, -- who changed the manufacture to that of warps for satinets. The mill contains some five hundred spindles, employs eight hands, and turns out twelve hundred pounds of warp-yarn per week. Another mill formerly stood here, but it burned down, and has not since been rebuilt.
Holburton, -- Kenyon's Mills. In 1844, Abiel Kenyon built on the site formerly owned by his father, a stone mill, in which were manufactured woolen and cotton goods. In 1863, he sold to Elijah Kenyon, his brother, who erected a stone store, and subsequently, in 1864, built three houses for the use of his employees. In 1866, he also erected another factory, to which he added steam, and many other modern improvements, and engaged in the manufacture of woolen fabrics. These mills, combined, ran four sets of woolen machinery, and one thousand spindles, together with forty-eight looms for weaving woollen or mixed goods. It is now occupied and operated by Messrs. Kenyon & Coon.
Clarke's Mills. In 1848, Messrs. Simeon P. Clarke and his brother, Charles Clarke, began the erection of a cotton factory, which was completed, and one Mr. Greene commenced operations in the year 1850. Owing to the failing health of one of the brothers, his interest was purchased by the other, who subsequently began the manufacture himself. Mr. Simeon P. Clarke, the purchaser, as above, is the present owner, and the factory now runs, including twisters, 2,920 spindles, in the manufacture of yarn-thread.
Plainville Mills. Mr. Aldrich, in 1862, built the present factory at Plainville. The property was owned by a Mr. Wilbur, who proposed to Mr. Aldrich, if he would build a mill at that place, that he would donate to him a suitable site for its erection, together with the mill privilege and right of flowage, besides some four acres of land upon which to start a village. This offer was accepted, and both the factory and village are results of this generous gift and the indomitable courage and perseverance of Mr. Aldrich, although it is said that it did not prove a profitable enterprise to the latter. It is, however, a fine mill, and contains all the modern improvements in woollen-machinery, and is engaged in the manufacture of fine cassimeres. Thirty-two tenement-houses and a store evidence the growth of the enterprise, while one hundred and fifty acres of land, with commodious barns, belong to the estate.
Arcadia Mills. In the year 1836, Messrs. Amasa Sprague, Benoni Harris, and James T. Harris bought of Samuel Barber the old saw-mill privilege that once stood on the line between Richmond and Exeter, and erected a mill or factory upon the site occupied by the present upper mill, and commenced operations under the firm-name style of the 'Arcadia Manufacturing Company'. In 1842, this mill was unfortunately struck by lightning and entirely consumed. It was, however, soon rebuilt and put in operation again. What is known as the lower mill, was erected in 1847, and commenced running in 1848. It has received numerous additions and improvements since. In 1865, the property was purchased by Messrs. D. L. Aldrich & Co., who added more improvements in both upper and lower mills, a brick picker and lapper being erected in 1869. Since this the mills have received numerous other improvements, and under the present management, are doing a large, profitable, and safe business.
Usquepaug, formerly Mumford's Mills. This place is situated on Queen's River and occupies both sides of the river, part of the town being in South Kingstown and part in Richmond. It derived its former name from the fact of the Mumford family having been among the first settlers, and owners of a large estate there. Silas Mumford, one of the descendants, erected a grist-mill here, about the year 1807. Subsequently he built a carding-mill and used to card wool into rolls. In 1817, or thereabouts, he invented a machine for cleaning wool of burrs, which was the first machine ever invented and used for this purpose. It was rude in construction, but answered the purpose for which it was used in those early times. In 1836, J. B. M. Potter erected a mill for the manufacture of kentucket jeans. The building was raised upon the 4th of July, and from this fact it bore the appellation of Independence Mill. It retained this name until the government changed the name of the post-office to Usquepaug, when the mill took the latter name. Mr. Potter continued to operate the mill with success until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he went into the government service, and the property passed into other hands. The mill was burned in 1866 and has not since been rebuilt.
Carolina Mills.
This fine village derives its name from the wife of Mr. R. G. Hazard, who built the mill, in 1842. About this time the Messrs. Hazard also built the store which was occupied and operated by Mr. S. P. Clarke for some time. At the expiration of Mr. Clarke's occupancy the Messrs. Hazard took the store and stock and run it until 1861. T. R. Hyde & Co. then took possession and continued the business for some time, when Mr. R. G. Hazard took the business and continued it until 1869. Mr. J. H. Babcock subsequently took the stock and is at present engaged in the general mercantile trade. Previous to this, or in 1841, Messrs. Kenyon & Turner were engaged in the mercantile trade. They were succeeded by N. S. Wilbur, who conducted the business until 1845. Mr. T. A. Peirce succeeded him and continued the business for some time, when he moved into a new store. The old store building came into the possession of D. Tefft and is now occupied by him as a dwelling. Mr. Peirce was succeeded by Brightman Tucker, when the building took fire and burned. It was rebuilt by Mr. Hoxsie, its original owner, and was used for a store-house for goods by the Messrs. Hoxsie, who peddled from this place. It was afterwards occupied by Mr. B. Kenyon, who subsequently sold it to a company styling themselves the 'Poor Man's Friend Association'. They commenced business about 1865, and were subsequently succeeded by a Mr. Flier, who changed the business and opened a saloon in 1872, which he keeps at the present time. Several other like institutions have been opened from time to time and run with varying success. Mr. Babcock is the only one at present conducting the general mercantile business at this place, and is still located in the building erected by Messrs. Hazard in 1842.
Physicians.
As early as 1800, Dr. H. Wilcox was practicing medicine at Brand's Iron-works, now called Wyoming. He was succeeded by Dr. J. Kenyon, in 1836, who was in turn succeeded by Dr. David Card. In 1862, the present practicing physician, Dr. A. A. Saunders, located here, having removed from Westerly in the above year. He received his diploma in New York, in 1861, and after practicing one year at Westerly located here, as the successor of Dr. David Card. He is a gentleman well versed in his profession, and enjoys the confidence of his fellow-citizens. Dr. Saunders is a member of the I. O. O. F. fraternity, and occupies a prominent position in the order.
Cigar Manufactory.
In 1854, a firm styled Tucker, Peirce & Co., began the manufacture of cigars, and continued until the following year, when they moved to East Greenwich. In 1858, W. B. Cross began the business, and has continued in the manufacture of cigars for a greater portion of the time until the present. He first began with only one hand, besides himself; but business gradually increasing, he employs at present, or upon an average, about five hands. Mr. Cross owns the building which he occupies, in which is located the finest hall in the town. It is occupied one night in the week by the Temple of Honor. It is the only public hall in the place, and bears the appellation of a once prominent Indian by the name of Samoset. Mr. W. C. Tucker is also quite extensively engaged in the manufacture of hubs and axles, and in the general blacksmith business. He located here in 1869, and commenced the manufacture of a patent malleable-iron hub and axletree. He is also engaged in a general machine business, and conducts the blacksmith trade in connection with his business; employs from six to ten men. His motive power is derived from the excellent water-privilege located at this place.
Secret Societies.
Friendship Lodge, No. 16, I. O. O. F., Carolina Mills, instituted March 25, 1851, with the following officers: N. G., Brightman Tucker; V. G., S. C. Armstrong; Sec'y, A. S. Potter; Treas., T. A. Pierce. Its present officers are: N. G., A. A. Saunders; V. G., E. A. Kenyon; R. S., W. J. Tucker; Treas., J. B. Tucker, with a membership of twenty-three, all in good standing. They occupy a room rented of A. S. Potter, known as I. O. O. F. Hall. Formerly, the members of the order attended the lodge at Hope Valley, but the inconvenience often experienced in attending this lodge, situated some six miles distant, necessitated the organization of this present lodge at Carolina Mills. They have an active working membership; though small in numbers, it exerts an influence for good in the community in which it is located.
Education.
The facilities for education in Richmond are equal to those of any of the adjacent towns, and the present system of school instruction is well established and in successful operation. Under the faithful management of accomplished teachers the schools have made good progress and accomplished an excellent work, and have left a record reflecting great credit not only upon the teacher, but pupil as well. The town of Richmond is divided into fifteen school districts, with a school committee composed of the following named gentlemen: Chairman, C. Tillinghast; Charles J. Greene; A. B. Moore, Clerk; and N. R. Church, Superintendent. The financial exhibit of the schools, ending April 30, 1877, is as follows: Amount received from State: $1,385.43; received from the town, $1,385.43; received from registry tax, $217; dog fund, $29.20; balance in treasury, $37.62; total, $3,054.68. Divided by districts, $2,475; divided by average, $500. Reserved for joint districts and incidentals, $79.68. Total, $3,054.68. Upon the cordial co-operation of the patrons and citizens depends on the future success of the town's educational facilities.
First Baptist Church.
The earliest known record of this church is dated 1723; yet, doubtless, the church has a much earlier origin. At this date, Daniel Averitt of Providence, was chosen as their minister. He accepted the call, and soon came among them, but was not ordained as pastor of the church until 1723. In 1733, two deacons were appointed, and another in 1735. From this date, there is a break in the record until 1770, when John Pendleton was chosen pastor of the church. In 1788, Henry Joslin was chosen pastor of the church, and labored with them for eighteen years. In 1810, Deacon Joseph James accepted the pastoral care of the church, and labored with them for a number of years. For some years previous to 1833, Elders William Manchester, John Gardiner, Pardon Tillinghast, and Thomas Tillinghast, were ministerial supplies, rather as evangelists than pastors. In 1835, Thomas Tillinghast was chosen pastor of the church, and faithfully served them for twenty-nine years, when his son, Gilbert Tillinghast, was chosen to the charge, in which position he labored zealously until the year 1877, when God suddenly called him home. Thus the church was again left without a leader, and during the same year Rev. S. B. Bailey was chosen pastor, and still serves them.
This church is founded upon the six principles found in the first and second verses of the sixth chapter of Hebrews, which they claim were those practiced by Christ and his apostles. This church has been favored with revivals at different times, and eight hundred have united with the church within the past century. One hundred and seventy-five have died, and one hundred and fifty have been dismissed. At present it has a membership of four hundred and forty. The church is situated in Wyoming.
Woodville Seventh-Day Baptist church.
is located just out of the village of Woodville, about two rods from the Wood River Branch Railroad. The house that the church now occupies, was built in 1847, and is a commodious building, with the capacity to seat about three hundred. This church was organized in 1843, in a school-house near Shannock Mills, and several brethren from the First Seventh-day Baptist Church of Hopkinton were present, and they unanimously recommended the organization of a church. An appropriate address was made by Elder Coon, who also gave the right-hand of fellowship to Elder Solomon Carpenter, in behalf of the little band of brethren thus set apart as a church.
This society has never been large; in its most prosperous times its membership never much exceeded fifty. It has been influenced greatly by the fluctuations of the manufacturing interests at Woodville. A part of the time meetings have been entirely suspended. From 1870 to 1874, no regular services were held, but in 1874, under the labors of Rev. Dr. James Irish, and Horace Stillman, a remnant of the church, numbering fifteen, met and re-affirmed their covenant obligations, and since that time sixteen have been added to the membership. Since the organization, the following persons have been its pastors, or stated preachers; viz., Rev. Solomon Carpenter, A. M. (State missionary of Seventh-day Baptist denomination at China); Rev. John Greene; Rev. S. S. Griswold; Rev. Henry Clarke; Rev. J. W. Morton (State missionary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church on the island of Hayti); Rev. L. M. Cottrell; Rev. Forbes Beebe Rev. Herbert Babcock, A. M., and Rev. Horace Stillman, their present pastor.
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Transcription 2004 by Beth Hurd
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